Role of iron in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) nutrition: Requirement, bioavailability, disease resistance and immune response.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The role of iron in the nutrition of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar ) was investigated in this study because of recent information on its clinical role in aquatic and terrestrial animals, detrimental effects of iron on nutrient stability in feeds, discharge of nutrients in aquaculture effluents and the increase in the prevalence of infectious diseases. Six experiments were designed to investigate the quantitative iron requirement of Atlantic salmon, its biological availability from potential inorganic and organic feed supplements and to examine the role of this element in immune function and disease resistance. The estimated quantitative dietary iron requirement of salmon based on broken line analysis of tissue iron concentration data was 60 mg iron/kg of diet. Atlantic salmon fed a low iron semi-purified test diet developed hypochromic microcytic anemia. Fish growth and survival during the feeding trial were similar among six dietary treatments (0,15, 30, 60 and 120 mg iron/kg) and no other overt gross deficiency signs were observed. Results show that serum ferritin levels could be used as an indicator of the physiological iron status of Atlantic salmon. The biological availability of iron from various inorganic feed supplements (ferric chloride, ferric oxide) and animal protein sources (fish meal, blood meal) was measured by the hemoglobin regeneration assay. The relative bioavailability of iron from ferric chloride, ferric oxide, blood meal and herring meal was 98.9, 17.8, 52.3 and 47.1%, respectively. Vitamin C (L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate) supplementation (300 mg/kg) of a fish meal based diet had no significant effect on iron absorption and deposition in groups receiving either no inorganic iron supplement or diet containing iron from an organic source (blood meal).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".