Bibliographic record
Abstract
EnglishThe aim of this contribution is to explain the ability of the French adverb to refer to moment of the past in texts like encyclopaedias or historical works. To solve the problem raised by examples like (1): (1) 1691, Fontenelle etait elu membre de l'Academie francaise et, en 1697, il etait recu l'Academie des sciences, dont il fut secretaire perpetuel partir de 1699. Cependant la deuxieme edition de l'Histoire des oracles suscita un orage contre l'auteur. Les temps avaient change depuis la premiere edition. Maintenant regnait le pere La Chaise, confesseur du roi. Intransigeant et fanatique, il voulait etouffer les Lumieres en atteignant le seul representant qui fut accessible. (Encyclopaedia Universalis) some authors use the concept of point of view and argue that is not true indexical, but rather is to be understood as perspectival (Recanati). In my contribution, I propose more parsimonious solution, showing that is true indexical, that its relevant reading in (1) is metonymical and can be paraphrased by a l'epoque dont il est question maintenant (=the period that we are now dealing with). francaisMaintenant / now est souvent presente comme le prototype meme des indexicaux purs (au sens de Kaplan). Cependant, il connait des emplois qui invitent remettre cette idee en cause. Il peut en effet designer, dans des contextes non-fictionnels, un point du temps qui ne coincide pas avec le moment de son emploi : En 1697, [Fontenelle] etait recu l'Academie des sciences, dont il fut secretaire perpetuel partir de 1699. Cependant la deuxieme edition de l'Histoire des oracles suscita un orage contre l'auteur. Les temps avaient change depuis la premiere edition. Maintenant regnait le pere La Chaise, confesseur du roi. (Encyclopaedia Universalis) Pour en rendre compte, on proposera une solution, compatible avec la conception de / now comme indexical pur et fondee sur la notion de metonymie : l'idee est que, dans (1), le point du temps vise par est identifie indirectement par reference au moment de son evocation dans le discours, comme l'illustre la paraphrase : A l'epoque dont il est question regnait le pere La Chaise� .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".