Bibliographic record
Abstract
Contrary to claims by some scholars that as a category was non-existent in pre-colonial African societies (Oyewumi) historical analyses of their practices and traditions indicate otherwise. The otherness of woman relative to men in pre-colonial Africa is reflected still today in womens location in traditional and religious practices. The continued practice of female genital mutilation (FGM) which emerged in Egypt and spread across the continent some two thousand years ago (Nour; Bonvillain) is among the most harmful of these traditions. Movement activities against FGM date back to the seventeenth-century (Dorkenoo). Since then these activities have been somewhat successful in creating awareness both within and beyond domestic borders of the negative socioeconomic and psychological impacts of FGM but the process has been fraught with difficulties and the goal of eliminating FGM is yet to be realized. One of the many obstacles facing activism against female genital mutilation today is its medicalization which legalizes the practice and permits medical doctors to perform the procedure. This article reiterates the negative impact of FGM on womens health and well-being and examines the socioeconomic implications of its medicalization. (excerpt)
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.015 | 0.047 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.009 | 0.008 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".