'Sleep' - 'Dream' — 'Vision': Some Signifiers and <i>designata</i> in Latin and the Romance Languages
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sleep' -'Dream' -'Vision' to di un 'viaggio' nell'aldilà" (Ciccarese 224, 342, 394) (characterizes the text as an account of a 'voyage' to the beyond).Whoever wishes to map out the Italian and, more generally, the Romance lexical terrain pertaining to the concepts of sleep, dream, and vision, runs the risk of ending up with a confusion of words.Each of these words often intersects with the others, and not only on a formal level, but, especially, on a semantic one; the determination of a taxonomy is thus extremely problematic.Hence the necessity to make a selection of the lexical material available and to choose a perspective from which to initiate the analysis.We will move ahead, therefore, from the words sonno, sogno, visione (sleep, dream, vision) as used in Italian, reserving for them a larger space within the scope of the Romance languages.'*We will also make ref- erence especially to early documentation that appears more considerable in terms of both its formal variants and meaning.It should be observed, meantime, that in Italian visione (vision), as opposed to sogno (dream), is a word belonging to the cultured and literary traditions, and, moreover, that in old Italian sonno (sleep) can also be used to indicate sogno (dream).We will consider, then, the Latin situation, pausing in particular on the terms somnus, somnium, visio (the origin for the Italian sonno, sogno, visione) and their evolution in the Romance languages.The reconstruction of meanings and signifiers from Latinto the Romance languages-a task which proves complex because of the difficulty in tracing clear boundaries between phe- nomena such as dream and vision-takes into account not only what has been lexically retained, but also the principal innovations with respect to Latin.The analysis of other phenomena and the pertinent terminology, which in part can cover the same range of meanings, such as, for example, sopore (sopor), apparenza (apparition) or incubo (incubus), are not dealt with in this essay.Nor will other elements that have been amply docu- mented and have been the subject of a variety of opinions, conjectures, and speculation, such as the quality of dream: whether, for example, a dream is good or bad, i.e. an incubo (a word which, at least in the Italiantradition, finds an ample synonymity in dialect);'' whether what is seen in sleep is truthful and forewarning or not, as the following saying teaches; 'I sogni non son veri e' pensieri non riescono' (literally, dreams are not true and thought is limited), questions which even Boccaccio treated.E però, amorose donne, voi dovete sapere che general passione è di cia- scuno che vive il veder varie cose nel sonno, le quali quantunque a colui che dorme, dormendo, tutte paian verissime, e desto lui, alcune vere, alcune verisimili e parte fuori d'ogni verità giudichi, nondimeno molte
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.035 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".