Increased risk of cardiovascular disease in giant cell arteritis: a general population–based study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk of newly recorded myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke among incident GCA cases compared with controls from the general population. We also evaluated time trends during follow-up. METHODS: We conducted a matched cohort study (1996-2010) of all patients with incident GCA from the province of British Columbia, Canada. We estimated incidence rates of MI and stroke according to GCA disease duration. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs), adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS: Among 809 individuals with GCA (mean age 75.9 years, 75.8% female), 83 developed MI and 60 developed stroke, with corresponding incidence rates of 38.1 and 26.4/1000 person-years, respectively. Compared with non-GCA cases, the age-, sex- and entry time-matched HRs were 2.75 (95% CI 2.16, 3.50) for MI and 2.21 (95% CI 1.68, 2.91) for stroke. When other covariates were adjusted for, the corresponding HRs were 1.77 (95% CI 1.29, 2.43) and 2.04 (95% CI 1.43, 2.93). The age-, sex- and entry time-matched HRs for MI and stroke were highest during the first year after GCA diagnosis [4.76 (95% CI 3.29, 6.88) and 3.20 (95% CI 2.11, 4.87), respectively]. CONCLUSION: These findings provide general population-based evidence that GCA patients are at a substantially increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Increased monitoring for this potentially fatal outcome and its modifiable risk factors is warranted for GCA patients.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".