Etching Induced Stepped Nanostructure on Pb(Mg <sub> (1– <i>x</i> /2) </sub> Mn <sub> ( <i>x</i> /2) </sub> W <sub>1/2</sub> )O <sub>3</sub> Ceramics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A new solid solution system, Pb(Mg (1– x /2) Mn ( x /2) W 1/2 )O 3 , is formed by replacing Mg 2+ with Mn 2+ in the Pb(Mg 1/2 W 1/2 )O 3 complex perovskite. The solid solution remains in the orthorhombic Pmcn symmetry up to x = 0.1. It is observed that for such a chemical modification, the surface of the grain changes significantly. A stepped surface nanostructure appears in the Mn‐substituted perovskite. Detailed surface morphology of the stepped patterns was revealed by atomic force microscopy ( AFM ), which determined that the interlayer step height varies from 2.3 to 8.3 nm. Analyse by XRD , SEM , EDX , and AFM suggest that the nature of the stepped surface structure may be the result of etching rather than spiral growth or two‐dimensional nucleation as it was previously believed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".