An investigation of ligand-exchange as a method for the extraction and concentration of dissolved organic matter from seawater
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The technique of ligand-exchange was investigated as a possible method for the extraction and concentration of organic compounds dissolved in seawater. Cation-exchange resins in transition metal forms were used to extract carboxylate anions and amino-acids from dilute solution in synthetic seawater. The optimum conditions found from small-scale experiments were applied to the extraction of ¹⁴C-labelled amino-acids from natural seawater. This work demonstrated (1) the strong bonding of transition-metal ions., especially Fe(iii), to the chelating resin Dowex A-1 (2) the sorption of citrate, tartrate, glycine and glutamate by Dowex A-1 in Fe(iii) form (3) the sorption of glutamate and alanine by the same resin in Ni(NH₃)₃. and Cu(NH₃) form (4) the displacement of the organic ligands by inorganic reagents: 2M KH₂PO₄ in the case of Fe(iii) and 30% ammonia in the case of Ni(NH₃)₃ and Cu(NH₃) forms. It was concluded that the method is of marginal utility for the first-stage extraction of organic ligands from seawater. The relationship of the experimental results to tabulated Stability Constants of Transition-metal complexes with organic ligands is briefly discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".