An investigation of ligand-exchange as a method for the extraction and concentration of dissolved organic matter from seawater
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The technique of ligand-exchange was investigated as a possible method for the extraction and concentration of organic compounds dissolved in seawater. Cation-exchange resins in transition metal forms were used to extract carboxylate anions and amino-acids from dilute solution in synthetic seawater. The optimum conditions found from small-scale experiments were applied to the extraction of ¹⁴C-labelled amino-acids from natural seawater. This work demonstrated (1) the strong bonding of transition-metal ions., especially Fe(iii), to the chelating resin Dowex A-1 (2) the sorption of citrate, tartrate, glycine and glutamate by Dowex A-1 in Fe(iii) form (3) the sorption of glutamate and alanine by the same resin in Ni(NH₃)₃. and Cu(NH₃) form (4) the displacement of the organic ligands by inorganic reagents: 2M KH₂PO₄ in the case of Fe(iii) and 30% ammonia in the case of Ni(NH₃)₃ and Cu(NH₃) forms. It was concluded that the method is of marginal utility for the first-stage extraction of organic ligands from seawater. The relationship of the experimental results to tabulated Stability Constants of Transition-metal complexes with organic ligands is briefly discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".