Bibliographic record
Abstract
Dear Editor-in-Chief: We read the article by LaRoche et al on the frequency of self-reporting sport-related concussions with interest. Based on data from 2 questionnaires (administered in 1999-2002 and 2013), LaRoche et al1 report that high school and collegiate athletes in Wisconsin were significantly more likely to self-report concussions in 2013 than in 1999 to 2002. They discuss the impact of statewide concussion legislation introduced in Wisconsin in 2012 (designed, in part, to educate multiple parties involved with student athletics on sport-related concussion) on frequency of self-reporting sport-related concussion. LaRoche et al1 suggest that although the Wisconsin concussion legislation may have positively impacted the frequency of self-reporting sport-related concussions, social media, mass media, and influence from parents and coaches likely also affected self-reporting frequency. We agree with LaRoche et al and propose that peer influence may have also factored into how frequently sport-related concussions were self-reported. It has been suggested that legislation can influence people's knowledge of and attitudes towards health issues, understanding of the risks and benefits of health decisions, and perception of the social norms that motivate health-related choices.2 We propose, therefore, that implementing the Wisconsin concussion legislation may have encouraged student athletes to self-report concussions more frequently; knowing that your peers have been educated about the dangers of concussions and informed that concussions are not “part of the game” may have reduced peer pressure to “play through” these injuries. We support this notion by drawing on recent research showing that the physical activity behaviors of adolescents are influenced by their peers3 and that peer-created motivational climate indirectly influences persistence in sports among youth.4 In sum, we posit that introducing the Wisconsin concussion legislation may have had the secondary effect of helping reduce the stigma surrounding self-reporting concussions. Future research should evaluate the effect of peer influence on frequency of self-reporting concussions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.045 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.008 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.480 | 0.311 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".