Structures of Hybrids of DNA and Carbon Nanotubes Observed by Atomic Force Microscopy in Air and in Liquids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We investigated single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) and DNA-SWNT hybrids by atomic force microscopy (AFM). From the AFM observation of several different types of SWNTs and DNA-SWNT hybrids in air, we found several specific differences in morphology among the samples. First, longer SWNT molecules were observed when the SWNT was dispersed using a bath type sonicator. When a probe type sonicator was employed, much shorter SWNT molecules were observed in all of our experiments using several different SWNTs. The result suggests that effects of the type of sonicator on SWNT length were significant in contrast to that of the type of SWNTs. Second, SWNT functionalized with polyethyleneglycol (PEG SWNT), amino group (NH 2 SWNT), and carboxyl group (COOH SWNT) individually showed specific features in AFM images. Although NH 2 SWNT is typically soluble in organic solvents, uniform distribution was observed when DNA molecules were mixed with NH 2 SWNT. Finally, we observed DNASWNT hybrids by AFM in liquids for the first time. DNA-SWNT hybrids were significantly swollen in the aqueous solution even though the sample was dried once. This is helpful information for considering biological applications of the DNA-SWNT hybrids.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".