Recycling Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) Electrodes Used in Thin-Film Devices with Adjacent Hole-Transport Layers of Metal Oxides
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Many thin-film optoelectronic devices use electrodes made of tin-doped indium oxide (ITO), which is acceptably conductive, as well as virtually transparent and colorless. Regrettably, indium is an uncommon element and its price continues to rise, so it is increasingly important to recover ITO electrodes from devices that are no longer needed. Previous work has shown that simple sonication in neutral water can separate intact ITO electrodes from other components in typical devices, in which the active components and ITO are separated by an ionic buffer layer of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). Sonication in water appears to be effective because it favors selective penetration and dissolution of PEDOT:PSS, thereby freeing the underlying ITO electrode. However, PEDOT:PSS is being replaced in emerging devices by the use of various metal oxides as hole-transport materials. We have now found that ITO electrodes in these new devices can be recycled by sonication in dilute aqueous base. The layers of ITO undergo only minor changes in composition and morphology, and the recovered electrodes can be reused many times to fabricate new devices without loss of performance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".