Tropical infections in athletes : malaria, schistosomiasis and African tick bite fever : review article
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective : This article reviews three common tropical infections, namely malaria, schistosomiasis and African tick bite fever, in order to highlight the risks posed to athletes travelling to endemic areas in Africa and provide physicians with an update on these diseases. Data sources : A review of journal articles and abstracts, bulletins and publications by the World Health Organisation (WHO), the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), the Canadian Communicable Disease report, and the South African Department of Health, which were written between 1983-2003, was conducted. Clinical and biological data was reviewed in the Oxford Textbook of Medicine and Essential Malariology. Study section and data extraction : 46 journal articles/abstracts and public health bulletins were reviewed, selected on their relevant contribution to data on clinical case reports, epidemiology, clinical disease features, diagnostic tests, preventive strategies and management protocols. Data synthesis : This review found published case reports of and statistical data on malaria in travellers to tropical Africa, the biggest risk being that of P. falciparum infection. Similarly, there are published case reports of schistosomiasis and African tick bite fever in athletes and other groups travelling to endemic areas of Africa. From a review of recent journal publications, public health bulletins and relevant texts an updated presentation of the epidemiology and clinical features for each tropical infection and guidelines on management, prevention and prophylaxis is produced. Conclusions : Malaria, Schistosomiasis and African tick bite fever are common tropical infections that pose a potential risk to athletes travelling, training or competing in tropical endemic areas of Africa. Practical guidelines for prevention / prophylaxis play a significant role in reducing the risks of infection for each of these tropical diseases. Physicians need to consider malaria especially P. falciparum, and African tick bite fever in febrile patients returning from Africa. Athletes who have contact with fresh water in endemic areas of Africa should be examined and tested for schistosomiasis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".