Expression of TLR9 in Horse, Cow, and Human Lung
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Toll‐like receptor 9 (TLR9) is the receptor used for responding to bacterial DNA in many species. Recent work has shown that this receptor is expressed in a diverse set of cells within the lung. However, much of this work has been done in tumors, explanted cells, or cell cultures. We examined the in situ expression of TLR9 in the lung of cattle, horses and humans. The data show expression of TLR9 in monocytes, airway epithelial cells, and capillary endothelium in the lungs of all the species. Pulmonary intravascular macrophages of the horse and cattle also express TLR9. Immno‐electron microscopy revealed TLR9 expression in the cytoplasm and, more interestingly, in the nucleus of pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIMs) and other lung cells. Lung inflammation as a result of E. coli LPS (horses), Mannheimia hemolytica infection (calves), or sepsis (human) resulted in an influx of TLR9‐positive cells. Finally, we show that the LPS‐induced increase in TLR9 gene transcription in the horse lung was abrogated by pre‐treatment with gadolinium chloride to deplete PIMs which demonstrates PIMs as a major source of TLR9 in the horse lung. We conclude that TLR9 is constitutively expressed in lungs of horse, cow and human. The implications of TLR9 expression in PIMs in the horse and cow for infections need to be clarified. (NSERC) Grant Funding Source NSERC
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".