<i>In Situ</i> Reactive Assembly of Scalable Core–Shell Sulfur–MnO<sub>2</sub> Composite Cathodes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The lithium-sulfur battery is the subject of much recent attention, but the polysulfide shuttle remains problematic owing to dissolution of intermediate polysulfide species in the electrolyte. Despite much effort in limiting such dissolution via physical confinement or chemical binding to the sulfur host materials, the high cost and complicated preparation of the related materials present an impediment to their practical application. Here we demonstrate a simple methodology to fabricate an effective nanometric MnO2 shell on sulfur particles, which is realized by an in situ redox reaction between sulfur and KMnO4 under ambient conditions. The bifunctional MnO2 shell provides physical confinement and chemical interaction and shows excellent efficiency for trapping the polysulfides. MnO2 sheets crystallized onto nanosized sulfur particles result in cathodes with a very low fading rate of 0.039% per cycle over 1700 cycles in Li-S cells. Moreover, directly crystallizing nanometric shells of MnO2 on micrometer-sized sublimed sulfur delivers stable Li-S cycling performance over 800 cycles. Since both sulfur and KMnO4 are inexpensive and widely used, the production of MnO2-coated sulfur composites can be easily scaled-up for practical applications of Li-S batteries in light of the very simple reaction processes involved.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".