Federalism and Fiscal Transfers: Essays on Australia, Germany, Switzerland and the United States
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Surprisingly, very little attention has been given in Canada to the ways other federalist countries manage programs similar to Canada’s equalization program. Federalism and Fiscal Transfers is a series of essays by regional experts examining the experience of four other federalist countries -- Australia, Germany, Switzerland, and the United States -- and how they transfer revenues from the federal government to subnational levels of government. The report aims to identify ways Canada could improve its own program of transfers to the provinces.One common finding is that poorer jurisdictions come to rely on the infusion of federal cash from senior governments. Consequently, they have little incentive to take action to improve their economic position through better policies, something that has also been observed in Canada.Possible solutions the authors identify are to simplify the transfer programs and give receiving jurisdictions more autonomy in how they use federal transfers, either through block grants or untied transfers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".