Controlled Study of Obesity Among Adolescents with Bipolar Disorder
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Despite numerous studies regarding obesity (OB) in adult bipolar disorder (BP), there are few studies on this topic among adolescents. The current study attempts to extend the literature on prevalence and correlates of OB in adolescent BP by including control participants, and determining OB by direct measurement. METHODS: Participants were 75 treatment-seeking adolescents, ages 13-19 years, with BP-I, -II, or -not otherwise specified, and 47 adolescents without major psychiatric illness. Diagnoses and clinical characteristics were assessed using the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children, Present and Lifetime version (KSADS-PL). Family psychiatric history was assessed using the Family History Screen. OB was defined as adjusted body-mass index ≥95th percentile. Variables associated with OB in univariate analyses informed variable selection for within-group logistic regression analysis among BP adolescents. RESULTS: = 5.3; p = 0.02). BP remained a significant predictor for OB when controlling for race (odds ratio [OR] = 5.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1-24.0, p = 0.04). In univariate analyses among BP adolescents, OB was significantly associated with suicide attempt, self-injurious behavior, and oppositional defiant disorder. In multivariable analyses, suicide attempt and antidepressants that were not selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were significantly associated with OB. CONCLUSIONS: OB is excessively prevalent among adolescents with BP and is associated with proxies for illness severity, including suicide attempts. Additional research is warranted to identify strategies to prevent and treat OB among BP adolescents, and to elucidate processes underlying the elevated risk of suicide attempts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".