Neonatal caffeine persistently increases breathing across sleep‐wake states in freely‐behaving adult rats
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Neonatal caffeine, an adenosine receptor antagonist widely used to treat respiratory instabilities, is administered during a sensitive period of development and persistently modifies respiratory control in rats (Montandon et al., 2006, Ped Res ). Since adenosine modulates breathing, especially during sleep, we tested the hypothesis that neonatal caffeine would modify the ventilatory pattern of adult rats across sleep‐wake states. Newborn rats received caffeine (15 mg/mL) or water (control) each day from postnatal day 3–12. At adulthood, ventilatory activity and sleep‐wake states were evaluated using whole‐body plethysmography combined with an EEG/EMG telemetry system in freely‐behaving adult male rats. During wakefulness, caffeine‐treated rats presented higher tidal volume (by 25%, P=0.034 ), but less post‐sigh apneas (by 28%, P=0.023 ) than in controls. During non‐REM sleep, respiratory frequency was higher (by 18%, P=0.024 ), and apnea occurrence lower (by 44%, P=0.003 ), in caffeine than in control rats. However, tidal volume sensitivity to CO 2 was strongly attenuated by neonatal caffeine during REM sleep ( P<0.001 ). These results suggest that neonatal caffeine modulates the ventilatory pattern and reduces respiratory instabilities in a sleep‐wake state‐dependent manner. This work was funded by CIHR and G.M. was supported by the Foundation for the Research into Children’ disease.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".