Life History and Phenology of an Endophagous Stem-Mining Herbivore (Coleoptera: Curculionidae,<i>Hadroplontus litura</i>) of a Clonal Weed
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Herbivorous insects can be an important part of weed management, but it is necessary to understand the life history of the organisms involved and how they interact. This is especially pertinent when dealing with endophagous insects with restricted mobility. Hadroplontus litura F. is a stem-mining weevil that is considered a biological control agent of Canada thistle ( Cirsium arvense L.), a perennial weed that forms clonal networks. We investigated the biology of H. litura and its association with Canada thistle at six field sites along a latitudinal gradient over 2 yrs, including documenting immature phenology and feeding damage, quantifying immature life stages, and exploring relationships between weevils and shoot size as well as weevil density and feeding damage. Eggs were present until the beginning of June and third-instar larvae began to exit shoots in mid-June, although some were present in July. It appeared that adult females laid more eggs on larger shoots, and preferred shoots not previously used for oviposition. The head capsule size of third instars was not correlated with shoot size, but it was positively related to larval density. Overall, infested shoots had an average of four weevil immatures, although densities ranged up to 21. Larval density was positively associated with stem damage, and both parameters appeared to be more intense at our sites than previous reports. Understanding how the intensity of larval damage impacts Canada thistle plants over time is critical to understanding the relevance of these insects for weed biocontrol.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".