La mobilità intellettuale cinese: un´analisi delle destinazioni e della composizione del capitale umano qualificato
Bibliographic record
Abstract
EnglishThe intellectual mobility of Chinese: an analysis of destinations and compositions of the skilled human capital. - The migration of people across national borders is an historical phenomenon, however, the increase in the numbers of international migrants over the years has made this issue one of the most relevant on the international scene. In particular, the international mobility of the highly skilled, also known as drain, has taken on greater urgency. Indeed, brain drain robs mother countries of their brightest human capital, that prefers to go abroad to study. For many years, especially since 1978, China has been no exception to this phenomenon. Since China's economic opening and reform in 1978, the country has improved and deepened its cultural and educational exchanges and cooperation with other countries, which has increased the scale of Chinese students abroad. Indeed, it has been calculated that more than 930.000 students have chosen to study abroad between 1978 and 2005. Currently, the outflow of highly skilled Chinese students is mainly oriented towards USA, Europe, Japan, Canada and Australia. In these countries, Chinese students represent the highest percentage among the international students community. This paper sheds light on the development of the Chinese brain drain phenomenon. It examines the Chinese overseas students population, analysing destinations, compositions, and trends of the flow. The paper also provides a comparison of data and features of the Chinese studenls in USA, Canada, Japan, Australia and European countries. francaisLa mobilite du capital intellectuel chinois: analyse de sa composition et des destinations choisies par les migrants hautement qualifies. - Quoique le mouvement transfrontalier des populations soit un phenomene de longue duree, l'augmentation exponentielle du nombre des migrants internationaux avec le temps en a fait un des problemes le plus critiques sur la scene internationale. Notamment la mobilite internationale des travailleurs hautement qua1ifies, ou fuite des ceneaux, pose des questions graves pour le pays de provenance, qui se voit prive de son capital humain le plus precieux. Depuis des annees, notamment a parlir de 1978, la Chine ne fait pas exception a cette regle. Des la reforme economique el l'ouverture e l'exterieur en 1978, la Chine a intensifie la cooperation avec les autres pays et le nombre d'echanges culturels, de facon que. entre 1978 et 2005, les etudiants qui ont choisi d'etudier a l'etranger ont ete 930.000 ou meme plus. A present, le flux d'etudiants hautement competents a ete dirige notamment vers les Etats-Unis, l'Europe, le Japon, le Canada et l'Australie. De plus, dans ces pays, les etudiants chinois ont constitue la partie la plus performante de la communaute internationale. Ce memoire illustre le developpement du phenomene de la fuite des cerveaux chinois. Il examine la population des etudiants chinois a l'etranger tout an analysant sa composition et les tendances. Il offre aussi une comparaison entre les principaux traits du phenomene dans les principaux pays de destination, c'est-a-dire Etats-Unis, Canada, Japon, Australie et Pays europeens.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".