Timing cystectomy and perioperative chemotherapy in the treatment of muscle invasive bladder cancer.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The ability of cystectomy to cure patients with muscle-invasive transitional carcinoma of the bladder (TCC) is diminished by the presence of occult micrometatases. Chemotherapy contributes to cure to the extent that it may eradicate these micrometastases. In the absence of methods to preoperatively stage TCC precisely or assess tumor biology, we review the current literature regarding the timing of cystectomy and use of perioperative chemotherapy. Based on this data, we suggest optimal and feasible strategies for treating TCC in a resource-constrained environment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Systematic reviews of TCC were sought using electronic databases to obtain optimal information about: 1) the relationship between TNM stage and survival, 2) the effect of surgical waiting times on tumor stage and survival outcomes, 3) the benefits of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy, and 4) the patients who benefit most from perioperative chemotherapy. RESULTS: Prospective data from the largest contemporary series of patients treated with cystectomy confirmed long-term survival in patients with extravesical and/or lymph node disease of 25%-47% at 5 years and 17%-27% at 10 years. Lymph node involvement was more common in patients with extravesical tumors. Retrospective studies of the effect of delay to cystectomy on outcomes showed higher tumor stage and reduced survival with delay of cystectomy beyond 12 weeks. Two individual patient data meta-analyses, including all currently available randomized controlled trials (RCTs), comparing neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy to local therapy alone confirmed that overall survival is modestly improved by cisplatin-based combination neoadjuvant chemotherapy. None of these RCTs showed a detrimental effect of delaying cystectomy for this treatment. Tumor status at cystectomy appears to correlate with overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: We propose immediate use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients suspected of having extravesical TCC. As most have micrometatastases, immediate surgery is less critical. For patients suspected of having organ-confined TCC, immediate cystectomy is recommended with adjuvant chemotherapy recommendations based on pathological staging. If surgery within 12 weeks is not possible for these patients, neoadjuvant chemotherapy with monitoring of response can be used. Improved preoperative staging and understanding of tumor biology are required to optimize the multimodality treatment of TCC.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".