Palaeo-Evolution and Uncertainty Analysis of Regional Groundwater Flow In Discretely Fractured Crystalline Rock
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A detailed groundwater flow analysis of an 83 km portion of a larger regional 5734 km watershed situated on the Canadian Shield has been conducted to illustrate aspects of regional and sub-regional groundwater flow evolution since the retreat of the Laurentide ice-sheet approximately 11 000 years ago. Field investigations at the Underground Research Lab (URL) of the Whiteshell Research Area (WRA) near Lac du Bonnet, Manitoba, show evidence of anomalously high piezometric heads and high total dissolved solids (TDS) concentrations of 50 to 100 g L in the deeper sparsely fractured rock (SFR). Elevated heads are a result of surface loading from the Laurentide Ice Sheet, while salinity of most of the fracture groundwaters and the pore fluids is derived from a marine source, likely as a result of infiltration during early Palaeozoic times. The hydrogeochemical data indicate that below 500 m at the URL, fracture hosted groundwaters are very saline, reducing, and old. The groundwater can be considered essentially stagnant for at least 1 000 000 years. The discrete-fracture dual continuum finite element model FRAC3DVS was used to investigate the importance of large-scale fracture zone networks on flow and particle migration. As part of the analysis, 100 complex irregular equally probable Fracture Network models were delineated from surface features and superimposed onto a 600 000 element flow domain mesh. Orthogonal fracture faces (between adjacent finite element blocks) were used to best represent the irregular discrete-fracture network. The crystalline rock between these structural discontinuities was assigned properties characteristic of the URL representing either SFR or moderately fractured rock (MFR). An uncertainty analysis of the 100 fracture realizations on flow system characteristics is provided herein.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".