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Problem Solving

2010· other· en· W2282199989 on OpenAlex
Jacqueline P. Leighton, Oksana I. Babenko

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueThe Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology · 2010
Typeother
Languageen
FieldPsychology
TopicCreativity in Education and Neuroscience
Canadian institutionsUniversity of Alberta
Fundersnot available
KeywordsComputer scienceState (computer science)Process (computing)Mental stateLock (firearm)Optimization problemRepresentation (politics)Mathematical problemArtificial intelligenceOperations researchCognitive scienceMathematicsPsychologyAlgorithmEngineeringProgramming languageMathematics education

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Abstract A problem is a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved. For example, if you accidentally lock your car keys inside the car, the problem is how to get home or wherever you need to go without access to the car. Problem solving is the goal‐driven process of changing one state of difficulty into a state that does not include the source of difficulty (Simon, 1999). The state without the source of difficulty is the desirable state. According to Sternberg and colleagues (e.g., Pretz, Naples, & Sternberg, 2003, pp. 4–5) and others (Bransford & Stein, 1993; Hayes, 1989), the problem‐solving process can be described as a cycle of seven steps or events: (1) a problem is recognized or identified in the environment; (2) the problem is defined and represented mentally; (3) within the mental representation generated, a solution strategy is developed to solve the problem; (4) relevant knowledge about the problem is organized; (5) the physical and mental resources needed to solve the problem are distributed; (6) progress toward the goal of solving the problem is monitored; and (7) the solution is evaluated for meeting the goal of solving the problem.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: Not applicable
GenreCandidate signal: Other · Consensus signal: Other
Teacher disagreement score0.032
Threshold uncertainty score0.999

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.001
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.000
Research integrity0.0010.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0340.001

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.027
GPT teacher head0.368
Teacher spread0.341 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it