The evaluation of heavy metal contents in the bottom ash from Burnaby refuse incinerator
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Eighteen sets of bottom ash samples from the Greater Vancouver Regional District’s (GVRD) Burnaby MSW Incinerator were collected during 1991. The samples were analyzed for particle size distribution based on seven fractions. The coarse fractions with particle sizes greater than the 9.5 mm (3/8 inch) diameter were analyzed as to material content, while the fine fractions with particle sizes less than the 9.5 mm were subjected to leaching tests following the Leachate Extraction Procedure (B.C. Reg. 63/88). Fine materials clinging to the coarse particles were collected and tested for the leachability of heavy metals. The total metal levels in the particles with sizes less than the 9.5 mm diameter were also evaluated. The results of the particle size gradation tests indicate that the bottom ash from the Burnaby MSW Incinerator generally meets the specification for a wellgraded base course specified in the B.C. Standard Specifications for Highway Construction. The material distribution in the fractions with particle sizes greater than the 9.5 mm diameter have shown that magnetic materials contributed about 12 % by weight of the bottom ash stream, which suggests the need of a second magnet. Inert materials such as glass, rock, concrete, ceramic and clinker were found to be the largest component of the coarse particles with sizes greater than the 9.5 mm diameter. The leaching test results of the three fine bottom ash fractions with particle sizes less than the 9.5 mm diameter have shown that lead is the only of the eight selected elements which would leach out with levels exceeding the regulation limits. In the three fine bottom ash fractions, the one with particle sizes between the 2.36 mm and the 4.75 mm diameter were found to contain the greatest leachable lead levels. On the other hand, the coarsest fraction with particle sizes between the 4.75 mm and 9.5 mm diameter were found to leach out lead with the lowest levels. The fine material clinging to the coarse particles were also found to leach out heavy metals with levels comparable to the three fine bottom ash fractions. The results of the total metal concentrations in the three fine bottom ash fractions indicate that metal levels generally increase with a particle size decrease. For leachable metal levels, the trend is not apparent.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".