Bibliographic record
Abstract
According to recent estimates about 15,000 Asian elephants live in captivity. Their high number represents a quarter to a third of the total population of Elephas maximus according to the prevailing estimates of the number of surviving wild conspecifics. About 14,000 captive Asian elephants live in the countries of origin and the rest in western zoos and circuses. Numerous reports have considered captive Asian elephants as ‘domesticated’ animals. However, most of the elephants living in captivity have been wild caught and a large number of elephants that have been bred in the range countries are offsprings of mating between captive females and wild males. Although captive elephants have existed since 3,500 years in close contact with man, they have never been the subject of sustained captive breeding programmes, nor have they been selected for particular characteristics as it was, and still is, the case with truly domesticated animals such as cattle, horses or dogs. The genetic make up of all timber and temple elephants, zoo and circus elephants has therefore not been changed and they are wild animals in captivity and should be treated accordingly. For numerous animal welfare organisations the suffering of captive elephants has become the main subject for their campaigns, and sophisticated minds conclude that ‘elephants do not belong to captivity’, well knowing that 15,000 elephants cannot be set free and brought back to the remaining pockets of jungle, where the last wild elephants survive in habitats which have become increasingly smaller due to encroachment by a fast growing human population.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.454 | 0.326 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".