The association among skeletal muscle phosphocreatine recovery, adiposity, and insulin resistance in children
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Obesity is associated with cardiometabolic disturbances, which may have significant implications for musculoskeletal health and exercise tolerance. Objective We sought to determine the association between muscle structure, function, and metabolism in adolescents across the weight spectrum. Methods This cross‐sectional case–control study included overweight and obese participants (n = 24) 8–18 years of age with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 85th percentile for age and gender, and non‐obese participants (n = 24) with a BMI < 85th percentile. Body composition, physical activity, peak aerobic capacity, cardiometabolic blood markers and insulin resistance (measured by the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, HOMA‐IR), skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity (via 31Phosphorous‐Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 31P‐MRS, to assess phosphocreatine (PCr) recovery after exercise), and extramyocellular and intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) levels (via 1Hydrogen‐MRS) were assessed. Stepwise regression was performed to examine the factors associated with oxidative capacity. Results bese and overweight patients had similar age, height, and physical activity to non‐obese controls, but obese and overweight participants exhibited higher insulin resistance. Obese and overweight participants had longer PCr recovery than non‐obese controls following 5x30s of moderate‐intensity exercise (51.2 ± 20.1 s vs. 23.9 ± 7.5 s, p = 0.004). In univariate correlation analysis, impaired PCr recovery was associated with a higher BMI z‐score (rs = 0.51, p < 0.001), circulating triglycerides (rs = 0.41, p = 0.005), and HOMA‐IR (rs = 0.46, p = 0.001). In stepwise multivariate regression analysis, impaired PCr recovery was associated with a higher BMI z‐score (β = 0.47, p = 0.002), but not insulin resistance (β = 0.07, p = 0.07) or circulating triglycerides (β = 0.16 p = 0.33). Conclusion A slower phosphocreatine recovery following aerobic exercise is strongly associated with increasing adiposity. A slower metabolic recovery following aerobic exercise stress suggests that endurance exercise training in obese adolescents may be an optimal strategy to target exercise intolerance in this cohort.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".