Exploring Visually and Hearing Precluded Free Throw Trials Among Elite Basketball Players: A Practical Training Method?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A free throw often appears as one of the most basic elements in the game of basketball, however the sudden change of pace can present unique challenges at even the highest levels of play. The majority of basketball is comprised of open skills (reactionary), while the free throw is classified as a closed skill (initiated by shooter) (Williams et al., 2010, p. 336). The primary purpose of the current study was to explore the effects of a free throw training method that consisted of free throw trials without the use of vision or hearing among higher skilled and lower skilled free throw shooters, as defined by free throw percentage. This procedure had the aim of impacting and possibly shifting focus of attention by significantly reducing external factors. All participants came from varsity university and college level basketball programs and therefore were considered elite level players. Vision was removed during the shooting motion using occlusion goggles, however was restored while the ball was in midflight to provide knowledge of results. All auditory factors were significantly reduced using hearing protection earmuffs. Focus of attention and imagery were explored using an exit survey completed at the end of the study.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".