Vitamin D intake and vitamin D status in 5 - 6 year old children in Vancouver
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Vitamin D is important in maintaining bone health and has recently been proposed to have additional roles in the immune system and brain development. The estimated average requirement (EAR) and recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for vitamin D established by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) in 2011 is 10µg/day and 15µg/day, respectively. When this study was initiated, little information was available on whether vitamin D intakes below the recommendations in young children result in biochemical evidence of vitamin insufficiency or deficiency. Therefore the aims in this thesis were; to estimate vitamin D intakes in children, and the contribution of natural and fortified foods, and supplements; to determine the proportion of children consuming vitamin D below and above the intake recommendations; to use biochemical measures of plasma 25(OH)D to determine the proportion of vitamin D sufficient, insufficient and deficient children; and to estimate the importance of vitamin D intake and season to the children’s plasma 25(OH)D. This was a cross-sectional design with 200 children from Vancouver BC, aged 5.75 years. Vitamin D intakes were estimated using a food frequency questionnaire and 24 hr dietary recalls. Plasma 25 (OH)D was determined by HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. The median vitamin D intake from foods was below the EAR and RDA. The children obtained 85.9% of their dietary vitamin D from supplements and fortified foods and 14.1% from natural food sources. Total median vitamin D intakes in children given or not given supplements was 13.0 (9.0) µg/day and 4.8 (3.7) µg/day, respectively, P< 0.001. Using the FFQ, 51% and 76% of the children did not meet the EAR and RDA for vitamin D, respectively. However, only 4.7% and 19.0% had a plasma 25 (OH)D below 40 nmol/L or 50 nmol/L, respectively. Unexpectedly, only 12.5% of the children who did not meet the EAR during winter months had a plasma 25 (OH)D below 40 nmol/L. The results in this thesis suggest that children depend on supplements and fortified foods to achieve the current vitamin D intake recommendations. However, despite apparent low vitamin D intakes, few children show biochemical evidence of vitamin D insufficiency, even during winter months.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".