Microwave heating of heavy oil reservoirs: A critical analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT In this article, microwave heating of the heavy oil reservoir, oil‐sand, is critically studied. The study is carried out based on full wave and multiphysics simulations that are performed at 2.45 GHz using both CST Microwave studio and COMSOL. It is demonstrated that most of the microwave power is deposited in bitumen rather in sand due to the dielectric properties of bitumen. Thermal analysis showed that most of the heat is generated in bitumen and is conducted to sand. Although microwave power is selectively deposited into bitumen of the oil‐sand, the temperature gradient between the bitumen and sand is not able to maintain due to high thermal conductivity of the oil‐sand medium. Microwave heating can play very important role to reduce the tailing ponds and protect the environment by minimizing water usage in the recovery process. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:809–813, 2016
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".