Sulfate production depicts fed-state adaptation to protein restriction in humans
Bibliographic record
Abstract
One feature of the adaptation to dietary protein restriction is reduced urea production over the hours after consumption of a test meal of fixed composition. This adaptation is impaired in conventionally treated insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Hoffer LJ, Taveroff A, and Schiffrin A. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 272: E59--E67, 1997). We have now tested the response to a test meal containing less protein and included as a main outcome variable the production of sulfate, a specific indicator of sulfur amino acid catabolism. Six normal men consumed a mixed test meal containing 0.25 g protein/kg and 10 kcal/kg while adapted to high (1.5 g x kg(-1) x day(-1)) and low (0.3 g. kg(-1) x day(-1)) protein intakes. They followed the identical protocol twice. Six subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes consumed the test meal while adapted to their customary high-protein diet. Adaptation to protein restriction reproducibly reduced 9-h cumulative postmeal urea N and S production by 22--29% and 49--52%, respectively (both P < 0.05). Similar results were obtained for a postmeal collection period of 6 h. The response of the diabetic subjects was normal. We conclude that reductions in postmeal urea and sulfate production after protein restriction are reproducible and are evident using a postmeal collection period as short as 6 h. Sulfate production effectively depicts fed-state adaptation to protein restriction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".