Femoral neck anteversion: an orthopaedic evaluation between multi‐regional populations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Femoral neck anteversion (FNA) varies with age, sex, and ontogenetic growth pattern. This study examined African (Af), European (E), and two Asian groups, one of which, an Inuit (I) population from osteological collections of the American Museum of Natural History. FNA is the angular difference between proximal and distal ends of the bone. A line was drawn in the coronal plane through the lateral and medial femoral condyles. A second line was drawn from the greater trochanter to the head of the femur, through the center of the femoral neck. The intersection forms the anteversion angle. Selecting only male and right femurs controlled for the confounding variables of sex and asymmetries. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between E and I groups and between Af and I groups. Average anteversion angle for the Af group was 15.7 degrees, 11.1 for the E group, 33.4 for the I group, and 23.0 for the Asian group. Developmentally, the amount of FNA is 40 degrees at birth, decreasing to ~15 degrees at maturity. The study revealed that the I sample presented with the largest angle, displaying excessive femoral torsion. Femoral torsion is viewed symptomatically as in‐toeing, which usually corrects without treatment as the child matures. Our results suggest that the Inuit sample may not have undergone the physiologic torsion reduction of 25 degrees as seen in the other representative samples. Grant Funding Source N/A
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".