Health insurance in Canada and Brazil, access to drugs, co-payment cards, loyalty programs, brand name drugs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Insurance schemes play a key role for drug access by populations in need. The interplay between public and private insurance is one of the main dimensions of the delicate design for drug coverage. Canada and Brazil have a distinct approach, briefly presented on the basis on the OECD typology for health insurance. The pharmaceutical industry is currently facing a ‘patent cliff’ where many ‘blockbuster’ drugs come to the end of their patented life. The industry is setting up new ‘loyalty programs’ enticing patients and health professionals to stick to the brand name drug instead of switching to the generic. With the bioequivalence of generic drug, there is no additional health benefit to stick to brand name drugs when generics are available at a fraction of the price. The best part of the additional costs of such commercial programs is not paid by the pharmaceutical industry. Instead, programs are based on the possibility to transfer the increased cost to the insurer.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".