Nonequilibrium Phase Behavior of Alkane Solvent(s)–CO<sub>2</sub>–Heavy Oil Systems under Reservoir Conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A pragmatic technique has been developed to experimentally and theoretically quantify the nonequilibrium phase behavior of alkane solvent(s)–CO 2 –heavy oil systems under reservoir conditions. Experimentally, constant-composition expansion tests have been conducted for alkane solvents–CO 2 –heavy oil systems at constant-volume expansion rates with a PVT setup to simultaneously measure volume and pressure change of the aforementioned systems. Theoretically, mathematical formulations have been developed to quantify the amount of the evolved gas as a function of time based on the real gas equation, while mathematical models on compressibility and density of the oleic phase mixed with the entrained gas (i.e., foamy oil) are respectively formulated. The required equilibrium time and exponential coefficients associated with gas-bubble growth are determined once the deviation between the experimentally measured pressure–volume profile and the theoretically calculated one has been minimized. In addition to effectively capturing the main features of foamy oil during expansion processes, its nonequilibrium fluid properties (i.e., compressibility and density) are determined as a function of the amount of the entrained gas in the liquid phase. For compressibility, a sudden change is located at the pseudobubble point pressure rather than at the thermodynamic bubble point pressure at which gas bubbles start to form. The density of the foamy oil is then found to decline at different rates when pressure is decreased from its initial value to the pseudobubble point pressure. For CO 2 –heavy oil systems (binary system), the difference between the pseudobubble point pressure and the maximum pressure after the pseudobubble point pressure shows a monotonic decline, whereas, for CO 2 –C 3 H 8 –heavy oil systems (ternary system), it reaches a peak with an increase in temperature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".