The Role of the Judiciary in Environmental Governance - Chapter 6: Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Major environmental issues currently confront Canadian society in its global context, including threats to natural resources, deteriorating water and air quality in certain communities, and policy challenges related to climate change. There is a variety of actual and potential roles for Canada's courts, which are powerful, independent and well-respected institutions. The courts have been called upon to make decision regarding prosecutorial authority, and the exercise of statutory authority related to the environment. As voluntary policy instruments gain traction, traditional environmental enforcement in the courts may decline; this threatens to restrict future development of private law principles in the environmental context. Factors that will continue to shape courts' enforcement of environmental requirements include increasing pressures for accountability and democratic legitimacy in the enforcement process, the shift to a service economy, globalization, and international developments in environmental law. Strong language in Canadian environmental statutes suggests that courts' implementation of environmental values will entail including sustainability as a fundamental principle.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.013 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.024 | 0.021 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.015 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".