Lethal and sublethal effects of phthalate diesters in <i>Silurana tropicalis</i> larvae
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Phthalates are compounds used in polymers to increase their flexibility and are now ubiquitous in the environment as a result of widespread use. Because few studies have focused on the adverse effects of these chemicals in aquatic species, the present study aimed to determine the effects of phthalate diesters in amphibians. Western clawed frog (Silurana tropicalis) tadpoles were acutely exposed to water spiked with monomethyl phthalate (MMP; 1.3-1595.5 mg/L), dimethyl phthalate (DMP; 0.03-924.0 mg/L), or dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP; 0.3-99.3 mg/L). Because few studies have addressed the toxicity of these specific phthalates in most organisms, the present study used higher concentrations of these chemicals to determine their toxicity pathways in amphibians and at the same time investigate a suite of genes known to be altered by the well-studied phthalates. Both DMP and DCHP increased larval mortality (9.1-924.0 mg/L DMP and 4.1-99.3 mg/L DCHP), increased frequency of malformations in tadpoles (0.1-34.1 mg/L DMP and 4.1-19.0 mg/L DCHP), and up-regulated cellular stress-related messenger-RNA (mRNA) levels (4.1 mg/L DCHP). To characterize the molecular toxicity pathway of these phthalates in tadpoles, transcriptome analysis was conducted using a custom microarray. Parametric analysis of gene set enrichment revealed important changes in the expression of genes related to drug metabolism and transport, liver metabolism, xenobiotic clearance, and xenobiotic metabolism after DMP and DCHP treatments, although these responses were less pronounced with MMP (the metabolite of DMP). The present study is one of the few studies that demonstrated complementarity between gene expression analysis and organismal effects. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2511-2522. © 2016 SETAC.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".