Kålgallmygga, Contarinia nasturtii Kieffer : en växtskadegörare på kål
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to examine what problems cabbage growers have with the \nSwede Midge. The last few years the Swede Midge, Contarinia nasturtii, has become \na larger problem for cabbage growers in several countries in Europe as well as in \nSweden. In Canada the problems are so severe that the midge is classified as a \nquarantine pest and therefore certain rules have to be followed. I have collected facts \nof the biology, host plants and reproduction of the Swede Midge, as well as the \ngrowers experiences and the occurrence of the midge in Canada, Europe and Sweden. \nThe Swede Midge is hard to control because of its short life cycle and the larvae are \nprotected between the heartleaves of the plant. When the larva feeds on the growth \npoint the plant becomes distorted, in some cases several heads develop or none at all. \nWhen the midge infests spring rape its flower buds become undeveloped and rosette \nlike. By severe infestations in spring rape the fields can re-flower later during the \nseason. In Sweden the midge has two to three generations per year. The larvae \noverwinter in the soil for about 1-2 years. \nI have counted midges caught in the pheromone traps, placed in fields of winter \nwheat, spring rape and cabbage by Växtskyddscentralen, Alnarp, 2005, to get a \npicture of the generations and reproduction of the Swede Midge. The results show that \na large amount of midges overwinter in the spring rape fields and hatch the following \nyear. Then the midges fly to new hostplants and start a new generation. If there are \ncabbage fields nearby, the next generation of the Swede Midge can cause severe \ndamage. An investigation was made in the 1970's in Skåne and Blekinge, which \nshowed that the infestations were severe. Already then it was established that a large \nincrease of the midge population in spring rape could lead to huge consequences for \nthe cabbage grower. The pheromone traps in the cabbage fields show that if cabbage \nis grown year after year or on a field nearby, the population is kept alive. \nThe chemical control should be directed towards the adult midges. However, today \nthere is no good method of actually knowing when the midge flies. The pheromon \ntraps have made it possible to start the development of a monitoring system. Research \nand trials are in progress to optimize the pesticide treatment to the flight peaks and to \nprevent egg-laying. Still there are some preventive measures to be taken, such as crop \nrotation, controlling weeds and field selection. \nExcept developing a reliable monitoring system, further knowledge of the \noverwintering of the larvae in the soil and of its natural enemies is needed. Together \nwith the preventive measures it is possible to find new ways of controlling the Swede \nMidge and hopefully to reduce the use of pesticides.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".