Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electrostatic charges in fluidized beds, generated through various mechanisms such as triboelectrification, ion collection, thermionic emission, and frictional charging, can cause particle agglomeration and hazardous electrical discharges. In this study, electrostatic charging in gas-solid fluidized beds was investigated by means of a simplified mechanistic model and bubble injection and free bubbling experiments in twodimensional and three-dimensional fluidized beds. An electrostatic ball probe measured static charges in fluidized beds, while an optical fiber probe was used to determine the simultaneous movement of the bubbles. Preliminary experiments indicated that a negatively charged object results in a negative voltage peak followed by a positive voltage peak. The opposite pattern occurred for a positively charged object. The current calculated from the voltage output was integrated to estimate the charge induced and transferred. It was shown that the voltage signal can be considered to consist of two components: induced voltage and that due to the direct charge transfer between charged particles and the probe. A simplified model was also developed by applying the method of images to distinguish induced and transferred charges. Spherical bubbles surrounded by a monolayer of charged particles and a medium of dielectric constant 1 were assumed in the models. Bubble injection experiments in a 2-D bed showed that both 321 pm glass beads and 378 pm polyethylene particles were charged positively, while 318 urn polyethylene particles were charged negatively. As bubble size increased the charge induced and transferred increased accordingly. The model gave reasonable predictions of the charge output. Increasing the relative humidity of the fluidizing air between 60% and 80% reduced the electrostatic charge accumulation by increasing the surface conductivity, enhancing the rate of charge dissipation. Adding group C fines and Larostat 519 reduced or eliminated particle buildup on the inner wall of the fluidization column, but the former probably also affected other interparticle forces such as Van der Waals forces and altered the fluidization behaviour. 1 wt% Larostat 519 clearly reduced electrostatic charge accumulation during free bubbling in a 3-D bed of 318 urn polyethylene particles; within 1.5 hr charge accumulation decreased to an insignificant level.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".