Preparation of ultrafine manganese dioxide by micro‐impinging stream reactors and its electrochemical properties
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Ultrafine manganese dioxide (MnO2) was synthesized by a micro‐impinging stream reactor (MISR) built from commercial T‐junctions and steel micro‐capillaries. The α‐type MnO2 particles prepared by the MISR were of spherical morphology, ∼120 nm in diameter and ∼200 m2 · g−1 in specific surface area. The particles were smaller and more uniform than those produced with traditional stirred reactors. It was also found that the morphologies and discharge specific capacitance (SC), examined by cyclic voltammograms (CV) and galvanostatic charge/discharge methods, of the prepared MnO2 depended strongly on the inlet velocity (u), volumetric flow ratio (q), and chamber configuration of the MISR. The as‐prepared MnO2 under optimized conditions had a discharge specific capacitance of ∼211 F · g−1 and showed a capacitance decline of ∼18 % after 1000 cycles. These values were superior to those of particles produced with stirred reactors and further confirmed the intensifying effects on micromixing behaviours of MISRs. Therefore, a MISR with good micromixing performance, short preparation time, and continuous operation will be a promising technology for the preparation of ultrafine particles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".