Ventricular outputs, central blood flow distribution and flow pattern through the aortic isthmus of fetuses with simple transposition of the great arteries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Our objective was to determine the impact of simple transposition of the great arteries (TGA) on fetal left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) performances and central circulatory dynamics including the aortic isthmus. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ventricular stroke volumes were calculated as the product of the cross-sectional area of the corresponding semi-lunar valve and the flow velocity integral through these valves. Volume flow in ductus arteriosus (QDA ) was evaluated using the same technique. Flow through the lungs (QLUNGS ) was calculated by subtracting net QDA from flow in main pulmonary artery [net QDA = QDA minus retrograde ductus arteriosus (DA) diastolic flow]. Relative performance of each ventricle expressed as percentage of combined cardiac output was also indirectly assessed by the aortic isthmus systolic index (ISI) (nadir of incisura/peak systolic of the Doppler waveforms in the isthmus); the relation between ISI and QLUNGS was investigated. RESULTS: Fifty-one fetuses with TGA were compared with 74 normal controls matched for gestational age. TGA fetuses had higher QLV at T2 (58.6 ± 9.4% vs. 43.4 ± 5.0%, p < 0.001) and T3 (53.7 ± 8.9% vs. 43.9 ± 5.7%, p < 0.001). QLUNGS was higher in fetuses with TGA, in the second (50.4 ± 16.3% vs. 39.0 ± 16.8%, p = 0.007) and third trimesters of gestation (52.8 ± 22.0% vs. 37.1 ± 16.3%, p = 0.005). No difference was found between ISI values from normal and TGA groups. A significant inverse correlation was observed between ISI and QLUNGS (r = -0.55, p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Central distribution of combined cardiac output of fetuses with simple TGA is characterized by a greater QLUNGS leading to a dominant LV. In prenatal TGA, changes in QLUNGS could be monitored by measuring ISI. The clinical importance of this last observation deserves further investigations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".