A Low-Power 136-GHz SiGe Total Power Radiometer With NETD of 0.25 K
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a low-noise SiGe radiometer at 136 GHz developed in an IBM 90-nm SiGe BiCMOS technology. The radiometer consists of a three-stage cascode low-noise amplifier with a gain of 36 dB, and a differential output square-law detector, all on a single chip. The detector results in responsivity of 11 kV/W and a noise equivalent power (NEP) of 0.6 pW/Hz <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1/2</sup> at D-band frequencies. The radiometer chip consumes 45 mW and results in a minimum NEP of 1.4 fW/Hz <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1/2</sup> with a peak responsivity of 52 MV/W at 136 GHz. The single-chip radiometer is suitable for high-resolution imaging systems having a noise bandwidth > 10 GHz and a low 1/f corner frequency . For an integration time of 3.125 mS (τ = 3.125 mS), the temperature resolution [noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD)] is determined to be 0.25 K using several different independent methods, and is the lowest NETD demonstrated in silicon technologies at D-band frequencies. This state-of-the-art performance is comparable to the best III-V imaging systems and proves that the advanced SiGe technology is a reliable option for imaging and radiometry applications.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it