PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT BY ORGANOCLAY ADSORPTION AND DISSOLVED AIR FLOATATION
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Global demand of energy is increasing due to population growth and industrial development. There will be an increase of 56 % in energy consumption between 2010 and 2040 from 524 quadrillion Btu to 630 quadrillion Btu (IEO, 2013). However the production process generates a large quantity of produced water (PW) which consists also of toxic, persistent and carcinogenic constituents. In this research, organoclay adsorption in stirred tank was integrated with Dissolved Air Floatation (DAF) for the treatment of synthetic produced water. Experiments were divided into four sections: Control Experiments (only DAF), Screening Experiments (Screening of OC from Jenfitch LLC, Ecologix environmental systems and Clear creek systems Inc), Optimization Experiments (OC adsorption as pretreatment for DAF), and Optimization Experiments (OC adsorption as post-treatment for DAF). Results of control experiments indicate that the oil removal for 10 % and 20 % recycle ratios (RRs) were 88 and 84 mg/l as compared to the feed of 196 mg/l. Therefore, DAF alone is not able to remove oil constituents below the discharge limits. In the screening experiments, OC from Jenfitch LLC shows the best results in terms of oil, turbidity, COD and TOC removal reaching 93.3, 99.3, 88.4 and 96 %, respectively. Optimization experiments with this organoclay were done with different doses. For each dose, the recycle ratio was varied from 10 to 20 %, in order to determine the optimum combination of organoclay dose and recycle ratio. Performances of optimization experiments were much better than the control experiments in which only DAF was used. The oil contents were below the discharge limits in all the optimization experiments ranging from 25.3 to 1.8 mg/l with OC adsorption as pre-treatment for DAF, and 16.2 to 0.2 mg/l with OC adsorption as post treatment for DAF. Therefore, results for the optimization experiments with OC adsorption as post treatment to DAF were better than those for the pretreatment experiments. Removal percentages were 91.7, 96.8, 83.6 and 88.6 % for oil, turbidity, COD and TOC, respectively at an organoclay dose of 100 mg/l and a recycle ratio of 10 %.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".