Copy number variation of testis‐specific protein Y‐encoded (TSPY) among different breeds of cattle (Bos taurus) and related individuals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Multi‐copied gene families are prevalent in mammalian genomes especially within the Y chromosome. Gene copy number variation can impact phenotype and is becoming more appreciated as a source of global variation. Testis specific protein Y‐encoded (TSPY) is present in variable copy number in many mammalian species. Cattle, for example, have copies numbers ranging from 50‐200. The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which TSPY copy number varies among bulls, between different breeds of cattle and between related (step‐brother) bulls. To investigate TSPY copy number we used relative real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to analyze the DNA of fourteen different cattle breeds and four sons of a single sire. The results showed variation both between and within breeds. Brown Swiss (161 copies, CI = 133‐195) had significantly higher levels of TSPY and Western Fjord (65 copies, CI = 45‐86) had significantly lower levels than some breeds, although most breeds had similar average TSPY copy numbers. All bulls showed within‐breed variation. The TSPY copy numbers of the sons ranged from 55‐75 copies and were found to differ significantly. These results show that copy number variation of TSPY can be seen within a single generation. This study demonstrates that copy number variation of TSPY is extensive in the bovine population; however, the purpose of this variation still remains a mystery. (Funded by CRC & NSERC)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".