Ten-year monitoring of an ultraviolet disinfection plant for drinking water
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Information about the capability and performance of ultraviolet (UV) disinfection plants for drinking water is mainly available from lab-scale evaluations or prototype testing. Information about these during operation is rare. In this paper, controlled onsite measurements over a period of 10 years are presented. Measurements were taken in a UV disinfection plant equipped with amalgam low-pressure, high-output lamps every 2 months over the whole period. From these, information about lamp ageing, emittance in dependence on water temperature and differences of emittance within one type of lamp was gained. The decrease of emittance follows an exponential decay. After 700 h of operation, the UV emission is reduced by 10% compared to a new lamp, after 1800 h by 20% and by 30% after 3200 h. Emittance of new lamps may differ by 10%. Further, the influence of water temperature on the UV emission of the lamps was estimated as 0·5%/°C. Our results (not statistically significant) suggest that on-off switches and low water temperature may shorten the lifetime of lamps. A comparison onsite has shown that measurements of UV irradiance by all types of certified reference radiometers according to ÖNORM M5873-1 agree within ±2·0%.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".