Accessibility and economic growth : a study of spatial differences in forest industry financing in British Columbia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The availability of sufficient finance for long term capital investment is generally conceded to be a prerequisite for economic growth. The present thesis questioned whether friction of distance hampers entrepreneur-borrowers and lending institutions during negotiations which precede long term loan agreements. It was reasoned that if the distance handicap were significant, then a study of growth experiences of similar capital intensive firms should show an association between slow growth and low accessibility to financial intermediaries. A literature review and discussions with officials at different financial institutions suggested various factors which could intervene in the hypothesized relationship, so the key hypotheses were modified accordingly. An interview survey was undertaken of principals of fifty small and medium-sized forest industry firms distributed over various regions of the province of British Columbia. In addition to data collected on formal questionnaires, a record of verbal comments made by respondents was compiled after each interview. Information from the questionnaires was processed by computer. In nearly all checks for association, rigorous tests of significance could not be applied because of the small sample and number of meaningful categories within variables. The questionnaire data and. interview records were used in a qualitative appraisal of the key questions of the study. The findings were that there was little difference in growth experiences of similar firms with greater spatial separation from financial intermediaries, at least for distances less than 250 miles. For longer transaction distances there was evidence of friction of distance. The limited evidence suggested distance constrained "borrowers of capital more than institutions, although indirect evidence suggested that institutions were not completely unaffected "by distance. The conclusion was that accessibility was a factor affected patterns of finance, but did not exert profound influence. Businessmen were able to overcome distance in search of credit if sufficient effort were applied. Financial institutions require particular information concerning proposed investments and the question of whether the institution had personnel capable of interpreting such information was of more importance than difficulties of information collection posed by distance. The thesis examines the relevance of the hypotheses in the context of other major changes affecting the British Columbia forest industry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".