Bibliographic record
Abstract
Equality is a protean concept. Even if one has taken a position on the equality of opportunity versus equality of outcomes debate, there remains the problem of deciding what equality means in particular contexts: racial equality, equality between the sexes, between those with and without mental or physical disability, and so on. Finally, there is the issue of which groups in society are entitled to "equality", whatever it may mean. Given the open-ended nature of the equality guarantees contained in section 15 of Canada's Charter of Rights and Freedoms, it is clear that groups other than those specifically mentioned therein may have claims to assert. This article will address the claims of gays and lesbians to equal treatment under section 15 of the Charter. Which non-enumerated groups will be accorded Charter protection is very much a political issue. Organization, numbers, and success in the area of public opinion will all be key factors in determining which groups are recognized and which are not. During the last dozen or so years, gay and lesbian groups have come out of the shadows and entered the political arena in a determined way. They have spent a considerable amount of effort educating the public (and governments) about the discrimination and oppression which they face in all walks of life. In attempting to effect changes in the law, these groups have situated their demands within an ideology of human rights, arguing that one's sexual orientation (whether heterosexual, homosexual or bisexual) is a basic attribute of personhood which should not result in individious differential treatment in the public or private sphere. It is further argued that discrimination against gays and lesbians is based on inaccurate stereotypes, which automatically attribute to all gay persons the characteristics that have traditionally been associated with them (gay men as unreliable, lesbians as bad mothers, etc.). In this respect, the parallels with discrimination on the basis of race or sex are clear. This article will examine the Canadian experience with gay rights as a human rights issue. This material establishes the context within which section 15 will be interpreted. The following two sections will look at legal developments in Quebec and common law Canada, respectively, and the last section will look at public opinion on gay rights issues in Canada since 1969.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.027 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".