Oral dosing of vitamins K1 and K2 in ovariectomized rats: Effects on bone loss and serum/bone levels
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Vitamin K (VK) exists in multiple forms that share common biochemical structures to support VK‐dependent protein carboxylation. Vitamin K may benefit bone by carboxylating the bone protein, osteocalcin. The unique side chains of the menaquinones (MKn) may further enhance K bone benefits. Despite plausible biological mechanisms, a causal role of vitamin K in bone and differential abilities of MKn and VK1 to benefit bone remains unclear. To assess this, ovariectomized (OVX) rats were randomized to 6 dosing groups of 16/group [Sham OVX (SOVX); OVX; OVX + Bisphosphonate (BP) (100ìg/kg/100 ìg/mL saline sc); OVX + VK1; OVX + MK4; and OVX + MK7] for 12 weeks. Equimolar doses of 107 mg K1/kg, 147 mg MK4/kg, and 201 mg/Kg MK7 were added to vitamin K deficient diets daily. As expected, OVX significantly increased weight and decreased bone strength vs. SOVX (p<0.05). OVX failed to significantly alter serum or bone vitamin K concentrations vs. SOVX. BP significantly increased bone strength and bone mineral density (BMD) vs. OVX (p<0.05). However, VK failed to prevent bone loss. VK1 supplementation significantly increased serum/bone concentrations of VK 1 vs. the concentrations of MK 4 or MK 7 following their supplementation (p<0.05). Unexpectedly, an MK7 epoxide was found in serum, not bone. Further studies evaluating the safety of MK 7 and potential efficacy of other doses of K vitamers are warranted. (Funding: Wyeth)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".