CO₂-EOR: Security of Storage
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Preliminary studies from CO2-EOR in Canada have suggested that, in CO2-EOR settings, solubility trapping takes place within both aqueous and hydrocarbon phases. As such it is postulated that CO2-EOR may provide a greater quantity of securely stored CO2 than a purely non-EOR storage operation. This study's principal objective was to quantify how much solubility trapping takes place within both aqueous and hydrocarbon phases in CO2-EOR settings. The Pembina Cardium CO2 Monitoring Pilot Project was used as a test site to determine the relative roles of solubility trapping. Firstly two geochemical approaches using empirical data from the site (gas geochemistry, production volumes and water isotope geochemistry) were used to determine the phase distribution of CO2 (dissolved or free phase) at a number of production wells that were sampled monthly during a two-year CO2 injection pilot. In addition a simplified reservoir simulation was performed to use it as a test-bed to investigate various CO2 injection scenarios with a model having some of the salient features of the pilot project. In particular this model was used to test the observations of the role of solubility trapping versus free-phase CO2 trapping.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".