Aqueous, Screen-Printable Paste for Fabrication of Mesoporous Composite Anatase–Rutile TiO<sub>2</sub>Nanoparticle Thin Films for (Photo)electrochemical Devices
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mesoporous TiO 2 films are employed in solar cells, lithium ion batteries, and air and water purification systems, to name a few applications. Film fabrication via coating the substrate with an organic suspension or paste carrying TiO 2 nanoparticles is a common method. To lessen the adverse environmental impact, use of water as a solvent and nontoxic chemicals is being preferred over commonly used organic components. In this research, a water-based, nano-TiO 2 printable paste formulation with polyethylene glycol (MW 20 000) and propylene glycol was developed and seamlessly interfaced with TiO 2 aqueous synthesis for sustainable manufacturing. The innovative combination of propylene glycol and polyethylene glycol is demonstrated to lead to improved paste rheology and sintered film properties. Dye-sensitized solar cells were assembled from the screen-printed films, and the effect of film surface area and porosity on photovoltaic performance was studied. The new aqueous-based paste yielded comparable power conversion efficiency to benchmark organic-based paste made of α-terpineol, ethyl cellulose, and ethanol, opening the avenue for lower cost, green fabrication of mesoporous thin film electrodes.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it