Biological Imaging and Sensing with Multiresponsive Microgels
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Multiresponsive spiropyran-modified poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based microgels were synthesized and their response to temperature; UV, visible, and near-infrared radiation; pH; and Cu2+ was investigated. The responses were a result of the spiropyran groups undergoing a reversible isomerization/reaction from a neutral to a charged form. The isomerization process was investigated via experiment and theory. The two-photon excited fluorescence of the spiropyran-modified microgels was also characterized, and their ability to be used to image live cells was determined. Finally, optical devices (etalons) were fabricated using the spiropyran-modified microgels, and the ability of the devices to change color in response to the above-mentioned stimuli was also investigated. We found that the microgel’s responsivity was retained in the etalon, which yielded color tunable devices and sensors. This investigation illustrates the versatility of pNIPAm-based microgels and microgel-based etalons and showcases the clear utility of such devices for remote actuation, color tunable optics, sensing, and remotely triggered drug delivery systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".