Compression of tire aggregates in leachate collection systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Tire-derived aggregates (TDA) have previously been applied in leachate collection and drainage systems (LCDSs). However, these systems are subjected to large overburden pressures, which may compress a tire medium and change its properties, thereby affecting its performance. In this study, properties of three types of commercially-available TDA sourced from processors in Alberta, Canada were investigated under conditions expected in a landfill, along with the implications of these properties on hydraulic performance of LCDSs. A large test apparatus was used to compress the materials by up to 330 kPa. Samples tested were highly compressible, with strains of about 50% under 150–240 kPa loads (corresponding to landfill heights of 12–18·5 m under typical compaction). Vertical hydraulic conductivity decreased with compression, but remained above the Alberta threshold of 10−4 m/s. No significant differences among media types were demonstrated. A criterion for determining the initial thickness of a drainage layer required to maintain a thickness of at least 300 mm over a landfill's lifetime. At least 600 mm of TDA would need to be placed to account for 50% compression.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".