Trends in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes: An Emerging Role for Insulin
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This review is intended to explore the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes, examine the role of insulin as a means of achieving glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes, and provide a practical approach for insulin use in type 2 diabetes in the managed care setting. DATA SOURCES: This manuscript is based on the results of a MEDLINE literature search and presentations by the authors at a symposium titled, "Emerging Changes in Diabetes Management," that took place on October, 14, 2004, at the Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy's 2004 Educational Conference in Baltimore, Maryland. CONCLUSIONS: Despite advances in oral treatment, type 2 diabetes remains a substantial source of microvascular and macrovascular complications that cause unacceptable levels of morbidity, mortality, and cost. Accumulating clinical evidence suggests that insulin treatment, both basal and prandial, can advance the treatment of type 2 diabetes and reduce the risks for serious sequelae by providing consistent and optimal glycemic control. By more closely mimicking the actions of endogenous insulin, in terms of onset and duration of action, insulin analogues offer clear advantages over their regular insulin counterparts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".