Skilling or Deskilling: The Study of Job Performance of Returned Migrants from Western Countries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Every year a significant number of migrants of developing countries i.e. Bangladesh, India and Pakistan are returning to their home countries with new western professional and life skills. The number of returnees has radically increased since 2008 due to government policy and economic downturn. The receiving countries like UK, Australia, US, Canada are changing these migrants’ lifestyle during their stay abroad. However, developing countries worry that, sending many of their highly skilled, educated, students population to overseas is costing them greatly. They lose the money they spent on educating their young people to a high standard, and they may lose those with an entrepreneurial spirit as well. Moreover, recent study says that ‘Most western business management is unskilled in business and in management... as for commitment, we have to admit that it is no longer so easily found in the West, except in knowledge industries, where people enjoy novelty and accomplishment... the West is generally weak on preparation because it is so poor at planning and timing... and neither the very big organizations nor medium-size manufacturers in the West are very good on granting autonomy to small splinter groups, because there is a lack of trust' (Management Crisis and Business Revolution). Conversely, many studies show that in the long-term such migration benefits developing countries more than it harms them. They receive more money back from the migrants who send remittances back home to their families. And when the migrants eventually return, the new skills and technologies they have acquired can be used to boost living standards at home. However, it should be noted that return migration is one of the least well-studied aspects of migration; till today there is a little evidence of empirical research to know what are the skills or abilities the returned migrants are captivating from western countries? Do western countries really contribute in skills development of migrants or they deskill them? Therefore, the impact of returned migration on the development factors and the extent to which returnees use skills they acquired abroad can be difficult to assess. This research is aimed to evaluate the role of western countries in skilling or deskilling the migrants of developing countries and to investigate how those skills or deskills are affecting the labour market performance of developing countries. The proposed study brings together a range of statistics and evidence from the Labour Force Survey in developing countries between 2008 and 2013. The data allow to look at detailed characteristics of the returned migrant population, how they impacting to the local population, and their labour market performance. 400 case studies (returnees) and Interview is administered to both sending and receiving countries employer, migrants who are planning to return in near future, local employees who do not have overseas experience. Literatures on skilling and deskilling, western & Asian professional skills and culture, management style, work process, job sectors is reviewed and surveyed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".